Repository guide · overview · v1
psf / requests
“A simple, yet elegant, HTTP library.” — as described by its authors
- Web and Applications
- Python
- Apache-2.0 · open-source license
- Original repository
- psf/requests
- Source platform
- GitHub
- Repository owner / organization
- psf
- License
- Apache-2.0 · open-source license
- Analyzed revision
- dae7ef63b4df6eded86637f251fc4e3a06c3b479
- Last verified
Newer revision observed; the code this guide cites is unchanged. The default branch moved to 611c6162cbc4, checked 2026-10-03. A revision diff of 1 changed files found no change in the code regions this guide cites. The guide still describes revision dae7ef63b4df; repository-wide counts (files, calls and so on) refer to that revision.
psf/requests — repository overview
Terms used on this page
- Entrypoint record
- A file the analyzer marks as a place where execution can start. When it carries a __main__ guard excerpt, the file contains an if __name__ == "__main__": block and the excerpt shows what that block calls; without an excerpt, the file was flagged by its name only.
- Bounded static execution path
- A call chain reconstructed from the source code without running it, stopped after a fixed number of steps. It shows how far the code can be followed on paper, not what happens at run time.
- Unresolved boundary
- Where a static path stops because the next call goes into an external library or cannot be resolved without running the code. It marks the edge of this analysis, not a defect in the repository.
- Static relations
- Calls and imports found in the source. "External or unresolved" relations point outside the analyzed files.
- Module role
- The analyzer's label for a file, inferred from how many calls go in and out (for example core, entry/orchestration, leaf). It describes a position in the call graph, not the authors' design.
- Test-like files
- Files whose names or locations look like tests. This analysis counts them; it does not run them.
- Observed · inferred · author-claimed · unresolved
- How each statement is supported: read directly from the analyzed files; derived by the analyzer from them; stated by the repository's authors (metadata, README); or not established by this analysis.
- Verified
- Two uses on these pages. In an analyzer record ("verified provenance", "a verified entrypoint") it means the record was read directly from the analyzed files, which these guides call observed; for an entrypoint, the __main__ guard text is present. Since the analyzer fix of 2026-10-04, a file that only has an entrypoint-like name such as cli.py or main.py is recorded as inferred; guides analyzed before that still call such a file verified, and it is still only a guess about how the file is used. It does not mean the code was run or tested. "Last verified" is the date the guide last passed the lab's checks against the analysis record of the stated revision; it is not a review of the repository itself.
A Python HTTP client library — the author's description reads 'A simple, yet elegant, HTTP library' — under an Apache-2.0 license, with the package in src/requests/ across 130 analyzed files. Static analysis recorded 3,080 relations (501 local, 2,579 unresolved), two __main__ guards plus a test-server entrypoint, and 42 test files; runtime was not exercised and dependency evidence is partial.
What this repository is
The repository describes itself as 'A simple, yet elegant, HTTP library.' — that wording is the author's metadata, not an independent assessment. Observed GitHub topics include http, client, cookies, python, and python-requests. Platform metadata records Python as the primary language, Apache-2.0 as the license, and a LICENSE file at the repository root. It also records 54,298 stargazers (as of 2026-09-14) and a latest release v2.34.2 published 2026-05-14. The analyzed snapshot contains 130 files, and important entrypoint files src/requests/certs.py and src/requests/help.py place the Python package under src/requests/. A documentation homepage, https://requests.readthedocs.io/en/latest/, is listed in the metadata.
How execution starts (statically)
The analyzer reports three entrypoints: __main__ guards in src/requests/certs.py and src/requests/help.py, plus tests/testserver/server.py flagged as likely executable by a filename heuristic. In certs.py, the guarded line is print(where()); the recorded execution path stops right there, at the unresolved symbols where and print. In help.py, the guard calls main(). Recorded bounded paths run from __main__ into main() and info(): info reaches platform.system and platform.release, while main() also reaches json.dumps and print. Every recorded path terminates at an external/unresolved boundary rather than resolving into local code.
Repository structure and most-connected modules
The analyzer marks docs, src, and tests as top-level subsystem directories, and its summary describes the code as organized around docs, ext, src, and tests. The analysis recorded 3,080 static relations: 2,566 calls and 514 imports; 501 resolve locally and 2,579 stay external or unresolved. The most-connected modules by static call degree are:
- src/requests/utils.py: 52 incoming / 44 outgoing; src/requests/compat.py: 52 incoming / 1 outgoing.
- src/requests/sessions.py: 11 incoming / 57 outgoing; src/requests/models.py: 5 incoming / 54 outgoing; src/requests/adapters.py: 3 incoming / 38 outgoing.
- src/requests/cookies.py: 30 incoming / 20 outgoing; src/requests/exceptions.py: 37 incoming / 2 outgoing. The degree pattern suggests utils.py, compat.py, and exceptions.py are widely referenced helpers and error definitions, while sessions.py, models.py, and adapters.py call outward more than they are called in. These labels come from static call degree, not runtime measurement.
Dependencies and tests
The only parsed dependency record is Sphinx==7.2.6, listed under docs/requirements.txt with scope runtime. The repository contains 3 build/dependency manifest files, but the analyzer parses only requirements-style manifests and skips pyproject.toml dependency tables, so the full runtime dependency set is not established here. The analysis counts 42 test or test-like files. tests/testserver/server.py provides a local test server, defining Server, TLSServer, and consume_socket_content. tests/test_lowlevel.py, labeled an orchestration candidate with 0 incoming and 32 outgoing calls, contains tests such as test_chunked_upload and test_digestauth_only_on_4xx. tests/test_requests.py defines a TestRequests class plus TestCaseInsensitiveDict and TestTimeout.
Suggested reading order
- Start with README.md, pyproject.toml, setup.py, and LICENSE — analyzer-classified project-level important files that frame the project, its packaging, and its license.
- Read src/requests/exceptions.py next: it defines RequestException and named cases such as HTTPError, ConnectionError, SSLError, Timeout, ConnectTimeout, and ReadTimeout.
- Read src/requests/models.py for Request, PreparedRequest, and Response.
- Read src/requests/sessions.py for Session, SessionRedirectMixin, and the session() function, then src/requests/adapters.py for BaseAdapter and HTTPAdapter. Module-role data supports this order: exceptions.py and utils.py are heavily referenced (37 and 52 incoming calls), while sessions.py, models.py, and adapters.py call outward more than they are called in (11 in/57 out, 5/54, 3/38). The analyzer's learning-path guidance is to start from manifests and important symbols, then trace bounded execution paths and inspect unresolved boundaries before changing code.
Limits of this analysis
2,579 of the 3,080 recorded relations remain external or unresolved, so most callee targets in this snapshot do not resolve to local code. The analysis is static only: reflection, runtime dependency injection, dynamic imports, monkey-patching, generated code, framework runtime wiring, and dynamic dispatch are not resolved. Install, run, and build inference is partial, installation commands were not run or confirmed, and what the code does at runtime is not established by this packet. Dependency evidence is limited to requirements-style manifests; pyproject.toml dependency tables were not parsed. README claim extraction is line-based and may capture code lines instead of prose, so README-derived statements are author claims at most.
Notable symbols
cookies.py centers on RequestsCookieJar with helpers create_cookie, morsel_to_cookie, cookiejar_from_dict, extract_cookies_to_jar, and get_cookie_header, plus a CookieConflictError. utils.py groups general-purpose helpers such as super_len, get_netrc_auth, parse_list_header, parse_dict_header, extract_zipped_paths, atomic_open, and to_key_val_list. compat.py defines _resolve_char_detection, and adapters.py defines _urllib3_request_context alongside BaseAdapter and HTTPAdapter.
What this analysis could not establish
The writing model's own notes on the analysis record. Identifiers such as lim_3, exec_* or claim_… name records of that analysis; the claims table cites the same records.
- 2,579 of 3,080 static relations are external or unresolved, so cross-module behavior beyond the cited call degrees is not established.
- Dependency evidence is partial: only Sphinx==7.2.6 from docs/requirements.txt was parsed; pyproject.toml dependency tables were not read.
- No runtime verification was performed; install, run, and build commands were not executed or confirmed.
- The analyzer's summary names src/requests/certs.py as the apparent main starting place, while teaching evidence names tests/testserver/server.py; neither is a confirmed application entrypoint.
- A case-variant readme.md was excluded from important files because it is absent from the analyzed inventory, and README prose was not extracted, so framing rests on platform metadata.
- Module roles (service/core, orchestration candidates) derive from static call degree only and may not reflect runtime architecture.
Claims and evidence — 39 claims, 39 supported by an independent verifier
Every statement above is a claim that cites grounding IDs from the analysis. IDs are internal to the analysis run; the columns show what each claim rests on and how strong that ground is.
Every substantive statement above is a claim bound to grounding IDs of the analyzed revision. Global grounding IDs are namespaced by the analysis run.
| Claim | Epistemic status | Verifier | Grounding (global IDs) |
|---|---|---|---|
| c1 The repository describes itself as 'A simple, yet elegant, HTTP library.' | author_claimed | supported | analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:meta_description |
| c2 Observed repository topics include http, client, cookies, python, and python-requests. | observed | supported | analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:meta_topics |
| c3 Platform metadata records Python as the primary language and Apache-2.0 as the license, and a LICENSE file exists at the repository root. | observed | supported | analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:meta_primary_language, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:meta_license, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:important_5 |
| c4 Metadata records 54,298 stargazers as of 2026-09-14 and a latest release v2.34.2 published 2026-05-14. | observed | supported | analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:meta_stars, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:meta_latest_release |
| c5 The analyzed snapshot contains 130 files, and important entrypoint files src/requests/certs.py and src/requests/help.py place the Python package under src/requests/. | observed | supported | analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:claim_5260b9a8a965, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:important_6, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:important_7 |
| c6 The repository metadata lists a documentation homepage at https://requests.readthedocs.io/en/latest/. | author_claimed | supported | analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:meta_homepage |
| c7 src/requests/certs.py contains a __main__ execution guard whose guarded statement calls print(where()). | observed | supported | analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_entry_c4353d3e17f2 |
| c8 The recorded execution path for certs.py stops at the external/unresolved symbols where and print. | inferred | supported | analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:exec_93f8c1e20c5d, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:exec_2086333cc0b6 |
| c9 src/requests/help.py contains a __main__ execution guard that calls main(). | observed | supported | analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_entry_427794f1977b |
| c10 Recorded bounded paths from help.py show main() calling info(), which reaches platform.system and platform.release, while main() also reaches json.dumps and print; all recorded paths end at external/unresolved boundaries. | inferred | supported | analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:exec_ddf141e463b8, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:exec_9fd360c8e6bc, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:exec_284f54e6d357, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:exec_40ecf947a80f |
| c11 tests/testserver/server.py is flagged as a likely executable entrypoint by a filename heuristic. | observed | supported | analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:entry_1 |
| c12 The analyzer reports three entrypoints: Python __main__ guards in src/requests/certs.py and src/requests/help.py, plus tests/testserver/server.py flagged by filename heuristic. | observed | supported | analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_entry_c4353d3e17f2, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_entry_427794f1977b, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:entry_1 |
| c13 The analyzer marks top-level directories docs, src, and tests as subsystem directories. | observed | supported | analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:subsys_1, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:subsys_2, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:subsys_3 |
| c14 The analyzer's repository summary describes the code as organized around docs, ext, src, and tests. | inferred | supported | analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:summary_repository |
| c15 The analysis recorded 3,080 static relations: 2,566 calls and 514 imports; 501 resolve locally and 2,579 remain external or unresolved. | observed | supported | analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:relation_counts |
| c16 utils.py is labeled a service/core candidate with 52 incoming and 44 outgoing static calls, and compat.py with 52 incoming and 1 outgoing. | inferred | supported | analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:role_17, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:role_8 |
| c17 sessions.py is labeled a service/core candidate with 11 incoming and 57 outgoing static calls, models.py with 5 incoming and 54 outgoing, and adapters.py with 3 incoming and 38 outgoing. | inferred | supported | analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:role_14, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:role_13, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:role_4 |
| c18 cookies.py is labeled a service/core candidate with 30 incoming and 20 outgoing static calls, and exceptions.py with 37 incoming and 2 outgoing. | inferred | supported | analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:role_9, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:role_10 |
| c19 The degree pattern suggests utils.py, compat.py, and exceptions.py are widely referenced helpers and error definitions, while sessions.py, models.py, and adapters.py call outward more than they are called in; these labels come from static call degree, not runtime measurement. | inferred | supported | analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:role_17, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:role_8, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:role_10, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:role_14, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:role_13, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:role_4 |
| c20 The only parsed dependency record is Sphinx==7.2.6, listed in docs/requirements.txt with scope runtime. | observed | supported | analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:dep_1 |
| c21 The repository contains 3 build/dependency manifest files, but the analyzer parses only requirements-style manifests and not pyproject.toml dependency tables, so the full runtime dependency set is not established. | observed | supported | analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:ev_manifest_1, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:lim_3 |
| c22 The analysis counts 42 test files or test-like files. | observed | supported | analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:ev_tests_1 |
| c23 tests/testserver/server.py defines the symbols Server, TLSServer, and consume_socket_content. | observed | supported | analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_class_979d844fc0c6, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_class_5e6d9cba95ad, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_func_3e1949687702 |
| c24 tests/test_requests.py defines a TestRequests class along with TestCaseInsensitiveDict and TestTimeout. | observed | supported | analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_class_264d0b874d55, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_class_aacd168fccfb, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_class_0e9f21f5dcca |
| c25 tests/test_lowlevel.py is labeled an orchestration candidate with 0 incoming and 32 outgoing static calls, and contains tests such as test_chunked_upload and test_digestauth_only_on_4xx. | inferred | supported | analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:role_21, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_func_4df1b214dba5, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_func_55bce9e46caa |
| c26 Begin with README.md, pyproject.toml, setup.py, and LICENSE, all classified by the analyzer as project-level important files that frame the project, its packaging, and its license. | observed | supported | analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:important_1, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:important_3, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:important_4, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:important_5 |
| c27 Read src/requests/exceptions.py next: it defines RequestException and named exceptions including HTTPError, ConnectionError, SSLError, Timeout, ConnectTimeout, and ReadTimeout. | observed | supported | analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_class_ee796086a780, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_class_5fc9853b40e9, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_class_2a0675ab769d, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_class_257a6b89cd13, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_class_0e23e19d7798, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_class_abd194483859, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_class_eceea6097696 |
| c28 src/requests/models.py defines Request, PreparedRequest, and Response. | observed | supported | analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_class_46695dca4185, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_class_fe16fffd7e5d, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_class_5f02aaaf65b8 |
| c29 src/requests/sessions.py defines Session, SessionRedirectMixin, and a session() function, and src/requests/adapters.py defines BaseAdapter and HTTPAdapter. | observed | supported | analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_class_e1c2646520c3, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_class_872443ce3641, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_func_160bae1ae98d, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_class_e9cdf46a0dc3, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_class_f3ed98c5c9be |
| c30 Module-role data supports this order: exceptions.py and utils.py are heavily referenced (37 and 52 incoming calls), while sessions.py, models.py, and adapters.py call outward more than they are called in (11 in/57 out, 5/54, 3/38). | inferred | supported | analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:role_10, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:role_17, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:role_14, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:role_13, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:role_4 |
| c31 The analyzer's learning-path guidance is to start from manifests and important symbols, then trace bounded execution paths and inspect unresolved boundaries before changing code. | inferred | supported | analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:claim_e56db45165bf |
| c32 cookies.py centers on RequestsCookieJar with helpers create_cookie, morsel_to_cookie, cookiejar_from_dict, extract_cookies_to_jar, and get_cookie_header, plus a CookieConflictError. | observed | supported | analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_class_ef7419d07383, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_func_d38bea2b407b, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_func_e5333fbd5227, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_func_e54338333368, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_func_26b5f63f3832, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_func_4d81ba3bc10b, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_class_2b57d2903daf |
| c33 utils.py groups general-purpose helpers such as super_len, get_netrc_auth, parse_list_header, parse_dict_header, extract_zipped_paths, atomic_open, and to_key_val_list. | observed | supported | analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_func_e7f8d7e4ae3e, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_func_cb8d6f81e391, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_func_6784a2d87808, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_func_e815667b5778, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_func_0f793ef56db6, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_func_e8c5da431c1e, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_func_859711fbf26a |
| c34 compat.py defines _resolve_char_detection, and adapters.py defines _urllib3_request_context alongside BaseAdapter and HTTPAdapter. | observed | supported | analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_func_33fff4ba689e, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_func_9499caf729f5, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_class_e9cdf46a0dc3, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:py_class_f3ed98c5c9be |
| c35 2,579 of the 3,080 recorded relations remain external or unresolved, so most callee targets in this snapshot do not resolve to local code. | observed | supported | analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:relation_counts |
| c36 The analysis is static only: reflection, runtime dependency injection, dynamic imports, monkey-patching, generated code, framework runtime wiring, and dynamic dispatch are not resolved. | observed | supported | analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:lim_1 |
| c37 Install, run, and build inference is partial, installation commands were not run or confirmed, and what the code does at runtime is not established by this packet. | unresolved | supported | analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:lim_2, analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:claim_7c9925f9c8f4 |
| c38 Dependency evidence is limited to requirements-style manifests; pyproject.toml dependency tables were not parsed. | observed | supported | analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:lim_3 |
| c39 README claim extraction is line-based and may capture code lines instead of prose, so README-derived statements are author claims at most. | observed | supported | analysis_763ffe82876dd8ff:lim_4 |
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How this page is produced. This page was produced using revision-aware repository analysis and AI-assisted editorial tooling. Technical claims are tied to the analyzed repository revision and may be revalidated when the source repository changes.
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